demonstrated that L supplementation significantly improved some cognitive functions, namely verbal fluency, memory scores and efficient learning [138]. This is consistent with the data obtained by Landrum et al. Long term effects of lutein, zeaxanthin and omega-3-LCPUFAs supplementation on optical density of macular pigment in AMD patients: The LUTEGA study. Bone R.A., Landrum J.T., Hime G.W., Cains A., Zamor J. Stereochemistry of the human macular carotenoids. The site is secure. Those studies suggest that dietary intake of lutein may help protect against atherosclerosis, age-related macular degeneration, and cataracts. Carotenoid intake and head and neck cancer: A pooled analysis in the International Head and Neck Cancer Epidemiology Consortium. In infants, the macular levels of L are higher than those of Z, probably due to differences in transport mechanisms that are not yet completely developed [49]. Choose the Best Sunglasses to Prevent Cataracts and Other Eye Issues. In particular, in over 30,000 participants Brown et al. Karppi J., Nurmi T., Kurl S., Rissanen T.H., Nyyssnen K. Lycopene, lutein and beta-carotene as determinants of LDL conjugated dienes in serum. Christen W.G., Liu S., Glynn R.J., Gaziano J.M., Buring J.E. Intervention trial, participants with AMD (67); 3 groups with different dosages. Studies performed both in animals [198,199] and in-vitro [199] clearly demonstrated that the use of L is safe as no mutagenic or teratogenic effect was observed. However, an accurate survey performed by the EFSA concluded that data were insufficient to consider that L supplementation is associated with such negative events [197]. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help Morganti P., Bruno C., Guarneri F., Cardillo A., Del Ciotto P., Valenzano F. Role of topical and nutritional supplement to modify the oxidative stress. Bjrklund G., Chirumbolo S. Role of oxidative stress and antioxidants in daily nutrition and human health. To date, most of the studies on lutein's health benefits have focused on dietary intake of lutein. Rock C.L., Swendseid M.E. Hammond B.R., Fletcher L.M., Roos F., Wittwer J., Schalch W. A double-blind, placebo-controlled study on the effects of lutein and zeaxanthin on photostress recovery, glare disability, and chromatic contrast. Craft N.E., Haitema T.B., Garnett K.M., Fitch K.A., Dorey C.K. In guinea pigs fed with L-enriched foods a decrease in medium size low density lipoprotein (LDL) was observed [150], associated with reduced aortic cholesterol, reduced oxidized LDL, and a minimally reduced intimal thickening compared to control animals. After 6 months, MPOD increased by nearly 28% vs. placebo in G1. Cangemi F.E. The macular pigment. Chrysohoou C., Panagiotakos D.B., Pitsavos C., Das U.N., Stefanadis C. Adherence to the Mediterranean diet attenuates inflammation and coagulation process in healthy adults: The ATTICA Study. In particular, lutein is known to improve or even prevent age-related macular disease which is the leading cause of blindness and vision impairment. More recently, a number of studies have suggested that L may indeed have favorable effects via anti-inflammatory activity [39], improving cognitive functions [40], and decreasing the risk of cancer [41], cardiovascular diseases [39] and other systemic conditions [42,43,44]. Chew E.Y., Clemons T.E., Sangiovanni J.P., Danis R.P., Ferris F.L., III, Elman M.J., Antoszyk A.N., Ruby A.J., Orth D., et al. Trumbo P.R., Ellwood K.C. Sasamoto Y., Gomi F., Sawa M., Tsujikawa M., Nishida K. Effect of 1-year lutein supplementation on macular pigment optical density and visual function. Lai M., Gluckman P., Dragunow M., Hughes P.E. Cathy Wong is a nutritionist and wellness expert. Winklhofer-Roob B.M., Puhl H., Khoschsorur G., vant Hof M.A., Esterbauer H., Shmerling D.H. Tapiero H., Townsend D.M., Tew K.D. Bliuc D., Nguyen N.D., Alarkawi D., Nguyen T.V., Eisman J.A., Center J.R. Antioxidant and prooxidant properties of carotenoids. No significant effect on G2. Significant effect on MPOD. Intestinal absorption, serum clearance, and interactions between lutein and beta-carotene when administered to human adults in separate or combined oral doses. Association between dietary carotenoid intake and bone mineral density in Korean adults aged 30-75 years using data from the fourth and fifth Korean national health and nutrition examination surveys [20082011]. ), 4IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, 20097 San Donato Milanese, Italy; moc.liamg@onairtas.alegna. By clicking Accept All Cookies, you agree to the storing of cookies on your device to enhance site navigation, analyze site usage, and assist in our marketing efforts. Similar results were obtained in vitro, where L was effective in increasing bone formation, preventing bone loss, and decreasing the interleukin-1-dependent differentiation of osteoclasts [189]. In retinitis pigmentosa, 24-week L supplementation significantly increased the visual field in one study [127], but other studies [128,129] failed to confirm this finding. Melo van Lent D., Leermakers E.T.M., Darweesh S.K.L., Moreira E.M., Tielemans M.J., Muka T., Vitezova A., Chowdhury R., Bramer W.M., Brusselle G.G., et al. Fu Z., Meng S.S., Burnim S.B., Smith L.E., Lo A.C. Lutein facilitates physiological revascularization in a mouse model of retinopathy of prematurity. Leoncini E., Edefonti V., Hashibe M., Parpinel M., Cadoni G., Ferraroni M., Serraino D., Matsuo K., Olshan A.F., Zevallos J.P., et al. RCT, participants with early AMD (108); 4 groups: G1 (28)]; G2 (26); G3 (27); G4 (27). Preliminary identification of the human macular pigment. Harikumar K.B., Nimita C.V., Preethi K.C., Kuttan R., Deshpande J. Biomol. G1: formulation containing L 10 mg + Z 1 mg; After 6 months and 1 year, MPOD and CS [not VA] significantly increased G1. 2009;102(2):186-90. doi:10.1017/S0007114508163000, Buscemi S, Corleo D, Di Pace F, Petroni ML, Satriano A, Marchesini G. The effect of lutein on eye and extra-eye health. Effect of long-chain -3 fatty acids and lutein + zeaxanthin supplements on cardiovascular outcomes: Results of the Age-Related Eye Disease Study 2 (AREDS2) randomized clinical trial. and M.L.P. Interestingly, Ho et al. Lutein and zeaxanthin intakes and risk of age-related macular degeneration and cataracts: An evaluation using the Food and Drug Administrations evidence-based review system for health claims. Age-related macular degeneration. There is also compelling evidence that L reduces reactive oxygen species (ROS) production [75,78], the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) [79] and the activation of the complement system [80]. reported that a L intake of at least 6 mg/d was protective against AMD [10] and AREDS2 showed that the population in the lowest quintile of dietary intake (with a median consumption of only 0.7 mg/d per 1000 kcal of energy) had the most positive results from L supplementation [105]. observed that higher circulating L levels were associated with better cognitive performance [40] and similar results were also reported in the general population of older adults [133]. Associations between age-related nuclear cataract and lutein and zeaxanthin in the diet and serum in the Carotenoids in the Age-Related Eye Disease Study, an Ancillary Study of the Womens Health Initiative. Chitchumroonchokchai C., Bomser J.A., Glamm J.E., Failla M.L. Finally, L is significantly detectable not only in the eye, but also in brain, where it represents the main carotenoid, especially in infants [54] and in the elderly [55]. The presence of L has also been demonstrated in peripheral regions of the fovea [49], but its content decreases in the central region where Z is prevalent [49] by a 2:1 ratio [50]. Adackapara C.A., Sunness J.S., Dibernardo C.W., Melia B.M., Dagnelie G. Prevalence of cystoid macular edema and stability in oct retinal thickness in eyes with retinitis pigmentosa during a 48-week lutein trial. Association between intake of antioxidants and pancreatic cancer risk: A meta-analysis. Chung H.Y., Rasmussen H.M., Johnson E.J. Verywell Health articles are reviewed by board-certified physicians and healthcare professionals. Wang L., Li B., Pan M.X., Mo X.F., Chen Y.M., Zhang C.X. In research, lutein supplements have been used safely in doses up to 15 mg daily for up to two years. Murray I.J., Makridaki M., van der Veen R.L., Carden D., Parry N.R., Berendschot T.T. Johnson E.J., Maras J.E., Rasmussen H.M., Tucker K.L. Leermakers E.T., Kiefte-de Jong J.C., Hofman A., Jaddoe V.W., Franco O.H. Chong E.W., Wong T.Y., Kreis A.J., Simpson J.A., Guymer R.H. Dietary antioxidants and primary prevention of age related macular degeneration: Systematic review and meta-analysis. reported that uveal structures account for about 50% of total eye carotenoids and 30% of total eye L [52]; this is the basis for the possible beneficial effects that L may have in the ciliary body and in the iris. The Xu X.R., Zou Z.Y., Xiao X., Huang Y.M., Wang X., Lin X.M. Chen J., Jiang W., Shao L., Zhong D., Wu Y., Cai J. Some alternative medicine proponents claim that lutein supplements can also help prevent colon cancer, breast cancer, diabetes, and heart disease. Dietary guidance for lutein: consideration for intake recommendations is scientifically supported. The role of carotenoids in the prevention of human pathologies. Lima V.C., Rosen R.B., Farah M. Macular pigment in retinal health and disease. In a well-balanced diet, L intake is sufficient and there is no need for supplementation, but in the presence of inadequate absorption or chronic diseases this possibility needs careful consideration. Wong W.L., Su X., Li X., Cheung C.M., Klein R., Cheng C.Y., Wong T.Y. The researchers suggested that not only should a diet rich in fruits and vegetables containing lutein be encouraged, they also suggested that supplementation could be beneficial, particularly in populations at high risk of certain conditions such as the elderly.. It's important to consult your healthcare provider before taking any type of dietary supplement on a regular basis. Dani C., Lori I., Favelli F., Frosini S., Messner H., Wanker P., De Marini S., Oretti C., Boldrini A., Ciantelli M., et al. The effect of lutein supplementation on blood plasma levels of complement factor D, C5a and C3d. Stringham J.M., Stringham N.T. Cancer is recognized as a multifactorial disease based not only on an uncontrolled cellular growth, but also on immune dysregulation [171] and activation of inflammatory pathways [172]. Given the amount of data supporting a beneficial role of L on brain tissue and the importance of treatments for cognitive disorders, randomized clinical trials on the possible therapeutic role of L should be planned. Significant improvement in CS and retinal sensitivity. In summary, there is some evidence that L is a CV protective factor, however, definitive data from RCTs are still missing. Mares-Perlman et al. Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center. Yao Y., Qiu Q.H., Wu X.W., Cai Z.Y., Xu S., Liang X.Q. The structure of L is similar to that of other carotenoids, with a skeleton made up of 40 carbon atoms, organized into eight isoprene units [45], as shown in Figure 1. [21] and Moeller et al. reported beneficial effects of both topical and oral L administration on skin elasticity and hydration [192] and similar results were observed by Morganti et al. Bone R.A., Landrum J.T., Friedes L.M., Gomez C.M., Kilburn M.D., Menendez E., Vidal I., Wang W. Distribution of lutein and zeaxanthin stereoisomers in the human retina. In patients with early atherosclerosis, L supplementation (20 mg/d) for 3 months was associated with a significant reduction in plasma LDL-cholesterol and triglycerides [163]. Sabour-Pickett S., Beatty S., Connolly E., Loughman J., Stack J., Howard A., Klein R., Klein B.E., Meuer S.M., Myers C.E., et al. Dawczynski J., Jentsch S., Schweitzer D., Hammer M., Lang G.E., Strobel J. After 12 weeks, no effect in improving VA and glare sensitivity. In rats fed with high fat diet, Qiu et al. and D.C. designed, collected data and wrote the manuscript. Karppi et al. RCT, participants with non-exudative AMD (145); 3 groups: G1 (50); G2 (55); G3 (40). Alberg A. Libby P., Tabas I., Fredman G., Fisher E.A. Thus, not only high L intake with a diet rich in fruit and vegetables, but also its supplementation might be encouraged, particularly in the elderly and in individuals at high risk of different clinical conditions. Choi R.Y., Chortkoff S.C., Gorusupudi A., Bernstein P.S. Xanthophyll [lutein, zeaxanthin] content in fruits, vegetables and corn and egg products. Effects of supplemental beta-carotene, cigarette smoking, and alcohol consumption on serum carotenoids in the Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention Study. 2022 Dotdash Media, Inc. All rights reserved. Intervention studies on the effects of lutein on visual performance. Lutein and zeaxanthin influence brain function in older adults: A randomized controlled trial. Lutein and lutein supplements are likely safe when taken by mouth in appropriate amounts. Given the presence of L in the brain, much research has been conducted to investigate the potential of L in slowing down age-related cognitive decline and eventually how to recover damaged cognitive functions. Ho L., van Leeuwen R., Witteman J.C., van Duijn C.M., Uitterlinden A.G., Hofman A., de Jong P.T., Vingerling J.R., Klaver C.C. According to Chen et al. RCT, healthy participants (120); treatment group (60) vs. placebo (60). Carotenoids and colon cancer. Sato Y., Kondo Y., Sumi M., Takekuma Y., Sugawara M. Intracellular uptake mechanism of lutein in retinal pigment epithelial cells. assessed median L intake in 13-month-old children by administering a food frequency questionnaire to their caregivers but, at 6 years of age, they did not find any improvement in cardiometabolic health [169], suggesting a lack of correlation between L consumption and parameters of CV health. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, http://www.ars.usda.gov/Services/docs.htm?docid=13793, https://ndb.nal.usda.gov/ndb/nutrients/report/nutrientsfrm?max=25&offset=0&totCount=0&nutrient1=338&nutrient2=&nutrient3=&subset=0&sort=c&measureby=g, RCT, participants with bilateral drusen or AMD in 1 eye (4176); 4 groups: G1 (1007); G2 (1038); G3 (1062); G4 (1069). Liu X.H., Yu R.B., Liu R., Hao Z.X., Han C.C., Zhu Z.H., Ma L. Association between lutein and zeaxanthin status and the risk of cataract: A meta-analysis. JAMA Ophthalmol. Bone R.A., Landrum J.T., Fernandez L., Tarsis S.L. Gastric acidity influences the blood response to a beta-carotene dose in humans. Carotenoids are nutrients widely distributed in foods, especially in fruit and vegetables [4], and appear to have antioxidant properties [5,6]. Fujimura S., Ueda K., Nomura Y., Yanagi Y. Wu J, Cho E, Willett WC, Sastry SM, Schaumberg DA. Secondary analyses of the effects of lutein/zeaxanthin on age-related macular degeneration progression: AREDS2 report No. Long-term nutrient intake and 5-year change in nuclear lens opacities. Although these data have been obtained mostly from observational studies, they conclude that the risk for coronary disease and stroke is lower in the highest tertile for L intake compared to the lowest. Yeum K.J., Shang F.M., Schalch W.M., Russell R.M., Taylor A. Fat-soluble nutrient concentrations in different layers of human cataractous lens. Low habitual consumption of green leafy vegetables and fruit is one of the risk factors of AMD [91]. Effects of lutein on the growth and migration of bovine lens epithelial cells in vitro. Lutein supplementation over a one-year period in early AMD might have a mild beneficial effect on visual acuity: The CLEAR study. supervised, proofread, revised and approved the final version. By functional magnetic resonance imaging, it has been observed that L may improve cerebral perfusion [141] or neural efficiency in older adults [142] and two studies have demonstrated a relationship between MPOD and some aspects of cognitive function as prospective memory [143] or verbal fluency and processing speed [144]. No effect in VA. Fiedor J., Burda K. Potential role of carotenoids as antioxidants in human health and disease. Ma L., Yan S.F., Huang Y.M., Lu X.R., Qian F., Pang H.L., Xu X.R., Zou Z.Y., Dong P.C., Xiao X., et al. No difference between G2 vs. G3. A European carotenoid database to assess carotenoid intakes and its use in a five-country comparative study. In general, sustained lutein consumption, either through diet or supplementation, may contribute to reducing the burden of several chronic diseases. Inhibitory effects of astaxanthin, b-cryptoxanthin, canthaxanthin, lutein, and zeaxanthin on cytochrome P450 enzyme activities. Sequential patterns of inhibin subunit gene expression following hypoxic-ischemic injury in the rat brain. Young A.J., Lowe G.M. Lutein qualifies as a powerful antioxidant and many studies support its favorable effects on eye health. RCT, participants with AMD (14); treatment group (8) vs. no treatment (6). A large body of evidence shows that lutein has several beneficial effects, especially on eye health. With zeaxanthin (Z), another xanthophyll, L is the main carotenoid in the human macula [45], so that the two compounds are mostly referred to as macular pigments (MP). The content of iron and zinc as well as protein deficiency may affect L absorption [65]; conversely, the presence of mono- and di-glycerides is likely to positively regulate L absorption, as suggested by significantly increased L plasma levels [66]. Hayhoe R.P.G., Lentjes M.A.H., Mulligan A.A., Luben R.N., Khaw K.T., Welch A.A. Carotenoid dietary intakes and plasma concentrations are associated with heel bone ultrasound attenuation and osteoporotic fracture risk in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC)-Norfolk cohort. Atherosclerosis and cardiovascular (CV) health partly depend on the activation of inflammatory cytokines [149]; therefore, nutrients and drugs that favorably influence the cytokine cascade might effectively prevent CV damage. The Carotenoids with Co-antioxidants in Age-Related Maculopathy (CARMA) study demonstrated that L (12 mg/d for 2 years) improved VA in 433 patients with early AMD [15]. Indeed, a diet rich in fresh fruit and vegetables is generally considered a protective factor [3]; as such, L might also play a role against cancer.
Affordable Housing Brewster Ma, Can Chimpanzees Understand Humans, Acidity After Covid Vaccine, Jennifer Franciotti Salary, Fight Of Gods Jesus Vs Santa, Interesting Facts About Rachel Portman, How Much Are Tabs In Washington State 2021?, Painful Reaction Crossword, What Is Biblical Antioch Called Today?,